proficient: implies a thorough competence derived from training and practice: a translator thoroughly ~ in Russian.


adept: implies special aptitude as well as proficiency: very ~ at handling large numbers in his head. (aptitude天分==innate capacity+natural liking天生能力+喜欢，美国高考SAT的A)


skilled: stresses mastery of technique: a delicate operation requiring a ~ surgeon. (delicate这里表示棘手需要小心)


skillful: implies individual dexterity in execution or performance: a shrewd and ~ manipulation of public opinion.     (dexterity熟练: 精通轻松)  （shrewd精明: 现实冷静，聪明又明智）


expert: implies extraordinary proficiency and often connotes knowledge as well as technical skill: ~ in the identification and evaluation of wines.    (technical knowledge是专业知识，不要说成技术知识，skill这里是技术不是技巧 )


proficient精通:  指具有全面能力，来自培训练习(train除培训外还表示训练drill)，adept擅长: 既有天分又精通，skilled有技能: 强调掌握技法(即技术方法，technique这里不要译成技术，它的本意是method方法)，skillful熟练: 执行或表演时熟练(dexterous熟练表示精通轻松)，expert专家: 具有专业知识技术，表示非常得精通(extraordinary proficiency)。


记忆方法: 1）首字母是一个单词passe：过时<==精通永不过时    (passe法语，过时no longer fashionable: Australian wines were quite popular for a while, but now they're rather passe澳洲葡萄酒曾经流行，但现在过时了)


         2）精通的意思是知识经验丰富在技术行业职业等方面成功mean having or manifesting the great knowledge and experience necessary for success in skill, trade, or profession.